Taufikajifahruli Notes

Species Distribution Often, in addition to knowing the number and density of individuals in an area, ecologists will also want to know their distribution. Species  dispersion patterns —or  distribution patterns —refer to how the individuals in a population are distributed in space at a given time. The individual organisms that make up a population can be more or less equally spaced, dispersed randomly with no predictable pattern, or clustered in groups. These are known as uniform, random, and clumped dispersion patterns, respectively. Uniform dispersion.  In uniform dispersion, individuals of a population are spaced more or less evenly. One example of uniform dispersion comes from plants that secrete toxins to inhibit growth of nearby individuals—a phenomenon called allelopathy. We can also find uniform dispersion in animal species where individuals stake out and defend territories.   Random dispersion.  In random dispersion, individuals are distrib...

Survivorship and Live table Survivorship curves Type I.  Humans and most primates have a Type I survivorship curve. In a Type I curve, organisms tend not to die when they are young or middle-aged but, instead, die when they become elderly. Species with Type I curves usually have small numbers of offspring and provide lots of parental care to make sure those offspring survive. Type II.  Many bird species have a Type II survivorship curve. In a Type II curve, organisms die more or less equally at each age interval. Organisms with this type of survivorship curve may also have relatively few offspring and provide significant parental care. Type III.  Trees, marine invertebrates, and most fish have a Type III survivorship curve. In a Type III curve, very few organisms survive their younger years. However, the lucky ones that make it through youth are likely to have pretty long lives after that. Species with this type of curve usually have lots of offspring at once—s...

Characteristic Of Community A community has the following characteristics. 1.SPECIES DIVERSITY:  in an ecosystem ecology  each community is composed of taxonomically different species. Species diversity refers to number of different species in community both abundant and rare species. Species diversity has two components. Species richness :  it refers different types of species and their numerical strength. Technically it refers to ratio between different species (s) and total number of species (n). Species evenness:  it refers to a measure which qualifies as to how even species are in terms of their number. Species diversity can be measured by using various diversity indices. the mathematical  expression based on species abundance data. species diversity can be measured separately either  as species richness or  evenness or diversity as a whole. 2 . RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE:  for a community to be stable, it requires two components-...

Symbiosis comes from two Greek words that mean “with” and “living.” It describes a close relationship between two organisms from different species. It is sometimes, but not always, beneficial to both parties. Four Kinds of Symbiosis There are several kinds of symbiosis to consider when looking for examples of symbiosis: Commensalism  Parasitism  Mutualism  Eendosymbiosis and ectosymbiosis Commensalism Commensalism is a type of relationship where one of the organisms benefits greatly from the symbiosis. The other is not helped but is not harmed or damaged from the relationship. In other words, this is a one-sided symbiotic relationship.   Example: The relationship between cattle  egrets  and cattle. The cattle egret will eat insects that have been disturbed when the cattle forage.   In some of these commensalism relationships, the organism that is reaping the benefit will use the other for protection or transportation.   Ex...

Estimating Population Abundance: Mark-Recapture             Ecologists are often interested in understanding population dynamics.  That is, how populations change over time in terms of genetic make up and number of individuals.  The size of any population is dependent on many things.  Population size and genetic make-up (gene pool) may change due to immigration/emigration, drift, and factors influencing births and deaths.   How do ecologists estimate the size of any population of interest?   This can be a perplexing issue, especially if the population is quite large or cryptic.  It would be inefficient in terms of time and effort to count each and every individual, so ecologists  estimate  population size using several methods.  The methods used vary depending mainly on the organism of interest.  Plants are sessile, whereas most animals are mobile organisms.  A  lin...

 think, niche there' on the habitat, is about organism, UNDERSTANDING HABITAT Habitat is a place where living creatures normally found in an area. Habitat in General shows how the pattern of environment assigned a population of animals. Part of the habitat is occupied by a population environment for the animals. Part of a habitat that is the environment that his condition is most appropriate and most fitting to do with animals is called microhabitat. UNDERSTANDING THE NICHE (NICHE) While it is a niche of functional status of living things based on adaptation of morphology, Anatomy, Physiology and behavior in the region or in the region of his place of living. Ecological niche or the...

I'am agree with this statement, is like Mr.Hadi was said that before about the definition of limiting factors, and i just add some addition. Understanding of the limiting factor is the one that can decrease the number of levels and the development of an ecosystem. environmental factors become limiting factors, either biotic or abiotic component. Such as light, temperature, Water, land and more. The influence of environmental factors and range for a different vegetation, because one plant species have different tolerance range according to the habitat and a different time. But basically his life is naturally limited by the amount and variability of elements of certain environmental factors (such as nutrients and physical factors, su...

Ecology studies the “factors affecting the density and distribution of organisms”(a good definition of population ecology, but less good for other subdisciplines). Ecology  (from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or "dwelling", and logos meaning "discourse") is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment. The hierarchy. Define each of the following. species ~ population ~ community ~ ecosystem ~ biosphere Ecology is a SCIENCE, not a sociopolitical movement (e.g., environmentalism). The Ecologist engages in the hypothetico-deductive method to pose questions and devise testable hypotheses about ecosystems. Often, this involves the generation of complex mathematical models to simulate ecosystems. These models represent idealized systems to which real systems can be compared for their predictive value. Sometimes, when a very large scale project is logistically impossible to perform, a computer model is used to predict expe...

hyrarchi in ecology 6 levels of ecological Organization At the lowest level or levels of ecological organization, first you find individual species of living organisms. Every plant and animal species on the planet, directly frombacteria and fungus microscopically for giant blue whales and Giant Sequoias, found a place at the level of the ecological pyramid. The distribution of these species is regulated by abiotic component factors of the regions. ↓ The second level of the pyramid is made up of individual species populations showing on the first floor. In this case, the population refers to a group of species live together in a restricted geographical area. For example, a herd of wildebeests in...

Assesment You have conduct an experiment research about Temperature Preference of Fish. Would you give: 1). Hypothesis of experiment 2). The basis theory of your hypothesis Answer My hypothesist is  Acclimation level influence the preferance temperature of fish's level The theory is, The hypothesist are have relate more than one variable. As the researcher we can conduct the  independent variable, we can variate the acclimation level. ant the dependent variable, we can conclude that the preferance of fish's result. Fish's Preferance on certain temperature include on limiting factor that influence on fish life especially on their metabolism. In that case there are some variable works on.Acclimatization is the human effort to adjust the condition of animals against environmental factors in the new artificial habitat. Acclimation is an attempt by humans to animals adjust to the condition of a particular environmental factor in the laboratory (Dharmawan, 2005). E...